How to Build Your Own Underground Home

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Saturday, September 13, 2008

Download Dictionary of Engineering

Title - Dictionary of Engineering

Dictionary of Engineering
McGraw-Hill l PDF l 655 Pages l 5 MB

Book Description :

An essential reference for all professional engineers, writers, and students, this comprehensive dictionary covers the terms and concepts used in the major engineering disciplines, such as chemical, civil, design, industrial, mechanical, mining, acoustics, petroleum, and systems engineering. The book includes 15,000 terms-each definition identified by the field in which it is primarily used. Readers will also find handy cross references, as well as an appendix with conversion tables and SI units.

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هندبوک سرویسهای ساختمان

Building Services Handbook, Fourth Edition:

Incorporating Current Building & Construction Regulations

Fred Hall , Roger Greeno

Butterworth-Heinemann; 4 edition (May 28, 2007) | ISBN: 0750682205 | 576 pages | PDF | 9,1 Mb

Building Services Handbook summarises the application of all common elements of building services practice, technique and procedure, to provide an essential information resource for students and engineers working in the industry. Information is presented in the highly illustrated and accessible style of the best-selling companion title Building Construction Handbook.

This new edition contains extended information on water system components, control systems for hot water and heating, ventilation and air conditioning, drainage, gas appliance flues and further examples of design calculations. It has been revised and expanded to take into account recent amendments to the Building Regulations Approved Documents and guidance from British and European Standards. Online lecture facilities include PowerPoint slides illustrating a selection of services areas, providing key diagrams for use with presentations and handouts.

THE comprehensive reference for all construction and building services students, Building Services Handbook is ideal for a wide range of courses including NVQ and BTEC National through Higher National Certificate and Diploma to Foundation and three-year Degree level. The clear illustrations and complementary references to industry Standards combine essential guidance with a resource base for further reading and development of specific topics.

Roger Greeno is a well-known author of construction texts. He has extensive practical and consultancy experience in the industry, in addition to lecturing at several colleges of further and higher education, and the University of Portsmouth. He has also examined for City & Guilds, Edexcel, the Chartered Institute of Building and the University of Reading.

Fred Halls books on Building Services have helped thousands of students gain their qualifications and pass exams. He was formerly a Senior Lecturer at Guildford College.

* No other book offers the same clarity of diagrams and scope of information

* Allows the reader to quickly get to grips with each topic

* Updated to explain what recent energy conservation measures really MEAN

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Masonry Walls

McGraw-Hill Professional | ISBN:9780070411524 | Edition 1999 | PDF | 1024 Pages | 20.2 MB

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Homemade Solar Cell Plans

Homemade Solar Cell Plans
CREATIVE SCIENCE | ISBN:? | 30 Pages | PDF | 1.63 MB

Once you learn this simple technique you can be making as many solar cells as you like! and save yourself thousands of dollars! Cover your entire roof with solar cells, collect the free energy from the sun! Just think, Since you can screen print these cells, size is no limit. Think about it, a 24" homemade cell that could be powerful enough to run a 12 volt dc x 4 amp motor using only one cell! Solar cell screen printing has been around for about 10 years or so and there are many manufactures already doing it here in the USA and abroad. There are many different types of chemical printing inks to use and many different screen printing techniques to apply it with. But the best I have seen so far was invented by Japan, They have a very simple technique of vibrating the ink after it is printed to get the air bubbles out of the wet ink before it dries. This causes the efficiency of the solar cells to sky rocket! An ink vibrator is very simple to build using a of qty 2 18" x 18" x 3/4" plywood and a few push springs from your local hardware store and a small dc or ac motor with an off balance on the shaft which you can buy or make yourself. Japan now has a US patent, The patent claims that they can be just as powerful as our American made silicon solar cells!

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6500 Woodworking Projects

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Zaha hadid

the complete buildings and projects

13 Mb | 144 Pages | PDF

Editorial Reviews
With her most recent commission, Cincinnati’s Contemporary Arts Center, architect Zaha Hadid becomes the first woman ever to design an American museum. This long awaited first monograph on one of the world’s most important architects collects Hadid’s entire oeuvre-more than 80 built and unbuilt projects over 20 years- in one significant volume.
The groundbreaking monograph contains Hadid’s own striking drawings and paintings, as well as hundreds of sketches, plans, and models. Readers will recognize her built work-the Vitra Fire Station near Basel and the IBA Building in Berlin- and will welcome details of her competition entry for Chicago’s ITT Building, and her winning design for the Cardiff Opera House. With generous commentary by the architect and her office, this is a landmark publication.

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جزوه درسي مقاومت مصالح 1 جزوه درسي مقاومت مصالح 2 جزوه درسي تحليل سازه 1  جزوه درسي تحليل سازه 2 جزوه درسي سازه هاي بتن آرمه1 جزوه درسي سازه هاي بتن آرمه 2 جزوه درسي سازه هاي فولادي 2 طراحي سازه هاي فولادي 1
جزوه درسي تكميلي ستونها طراحي اعضاي كششي تاريخچه فولاد طراحي لاپه طراحي تير بدون اتكاي جانبي مثال از تيرهاي با اتكا و بدون اتكاي جانبي تئوري كمانش ستونها مثال از خمش دو محوره مثال از تير ستون

حركت مستقيم الخط   حركت زاويه اي حركت كارتزين حركت نسبي حركت عمودي و مماسي حركت قطبي 1 حركت قطبي 2 نيرو - شتاب - جرم 1 نيرو - شتاب - جرم 2 نيرو - شتاب - جرم 3

محوطه سازي

محوطه سازي
قيرهاي پر كننده
آسفالت  منبع : www.afshinsalari.com

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مقالات انگلیسی پرنده سفید یازدهمین کنفرانس بین المللی محاسبات در مهندسی عمران و ساخت و ساز - بخش اول کانادا- مونترال-۲۰۰۶  را می توانید از لینک زیر دانلود کنید .

http://www.esnips.com/web/Compcivil2006-1?docsPage=6#files

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آموزش و مجموعه نرم افزارهای مهندسی پی و مکانیک خاک

	AllPile Version 7.8a	Software for Pile Anaysis: vertical, lateral, group, settlement, and negative friction		Shoring Suite (ct-Shoring) Version 8.8k	Software for Shoring Design and Analysis: it includes Shoring, EarthPres, Surcharge, and Heave.
	LiquefyPro Version 5.5c	Software for Liquefaction Analysis: liquefaction potential and settlement analysis		EarthPres	Earth pressure analysis (active, passive, and · earthquake pressure). Included in Shoring Suite.
	SuperLog Version 4.2a	Boring log, test pit, and well drawing/reporting.		Surcharge	Lateral pressure due to surcharge load. Included in Shoring Suite.
	Upres Version 3.0A	Underground pipe and tunnel analysis.		Heave	Stability analysis for vertical cut. Included in Shoring Suite.
	Spectra	Graphical presentation for seismic spectra.		Visual Lab	Geotechnical lab testing (compaction, grain size, and consolidation).

All the software are PC based and compatible with Windows NT, 95, 98, 2000, XP, and Vista منبع : http://www.civiltechsoftware.com/

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Engineering Geology Field Manual زمین شناسی مهندسی صحرایی کتابی است بسیار عالی و کاربردی برای کلیه مهندسین و دانشجویان ژئوتکنیک، زمین شناسی مهندسی، سد سازی. (محصول USBR در 25 فصل و 485 صفحه). لینک بالا فقط شامل فصل اول می باشد. تمام فصلهای این کتاب را می توانید از لینکهای زیر دریافت کنید: 1. مقدمه 2. اصطلاحات زمین شناسی و طبقه بندی مصالح زمین شناسی 3. طبقه بندی مهندسی و توصیف خاک 4. طبقه بندی سنگها و توصیف خواص فیزیکی سنگ 5. اصطلاحات و توصیف ناپیوستگی ها 6. نقشه برداری زمین شناسی و تهیه مدارک 7.بررسی ناپیوستگی ها 8. شناسایی برنامه های حفاری 9. روشهای جمع آوری داده های آبهای زیرزمینی 10. راهنمای تهیه لاگهای مغزه گیری 11. مقدماتی برای لاگهای خاک 12. تحقیقات سایتهای پرخطر زباله 13. تحقیقات ژئوفیزیکی سطحی 14. شناسایی های ژئوفیزیکی گمانه ای 15. تکنیکهای دریافت دوردست 16. آزمایش آب برای تزریق 17. آزمایش آب برای نفوذپذیری 18. ریپ رپ 19. طراحی انفجار 20. کنترل آب 21. آماده سازی، بهبود و تمیزکردن پی 22. آزمایشات نفوذ 23. لمس و انتقال داده های خاک و سنگ 24. مواظبت، نگهداری و استفاده از نمونه های مغزه، خاک و سنگ 25. سیستم تثبیت موقعیت سراسری ضمائم 1 ضمائم 2

دانلود   به نقل از سایت جناب  دکتر امین کشاورز http://www.keshavarz.org

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Land Subsidence From Ground-Water Pumping

S. A. Leake
U.S. Geological Survey

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CAUSE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE FROM GROUND-WATER PUMPING

Land subsidence is the lowering of the land-surface elevation from changes that take place underground. Common causes of land subsidence from human activity are pumping water, oil, and gas from underground reservoirs; dissolution of limestone aquifers (sinkholes); collapse of underground mines; drainage of organic soils; and initial wetting of dry soils (hydrocompaction). Land subsidence occurs in nearly every state of the United States (figure 1).

Figure 1. Click on image to view full size.

Overdrafting of aquifers is the major cause of subsidence in the southwestern United States, and as ground-water pumping increases, land subsidence also will increase. In many aquifers, ground water is pumped from pore spaces between grains of sand and gravel. If an aquifer has beds of clay or silt within or next to it (figure 2), the lowered water pressure in the sand and gravel causes slow drainage of water from the clay and silt beds. The reduced water pressure is a loss of support for the clay and silt beds. Because these beds are compressible, they compact (become thinner), and the effects are seen as a lowering of the land surface. The lowering of land surface elevation from this process is permanent. For example, if lowered ground-water levels caused land subsidence, recharging the aquifer until ground water returned to the original levels would not result in an appreciable recovery of the land-surface elevation.

DAMAGE CAUSED BY LAND SUBSIDENCE

Land subsidence causes many problems including: (1) changes in elevation and slope of streams, canals, and drains; (2) damage to bridges, roads, railroads, storm drains, sanitary sewers, canals, and levees; (3) damage to private and public buildings; and (4) failure of well casings from forces generated by compaction of fine-grained materials in aquifer systems. In some coastal areas, subsidence has resulted in tides moving into low-lying areas that were previously above high-tide levels. An example of damage caused by land subsidence can be seen in figure 3. The concrete base at the top of the well is above ground level because the land surface has lowered and the rigid well casing has not sunk.

Figure 2. Click on Image to view full size.	Figure 3. Click on Image for full size with explanation.

In many areas of the arid Southwest, earth fissures are associated with land subsidence. Earth fissures can be more than 100 feet deep and several hundred feet in length. One extraordinary fissure in central Arizona is 10 miles long. These features start out as narrow cracks, an inch or less in width. They intercept surface drainage and can erode to widths of tens of feet at the surface. Examples of earth cracks are shown in figures 4, 5, 6, and 7. Earth fissures are caused by horizontal movement of sediments that occurs when ground-water is pumped.

Figure 4. Click for full size and explanation.	Figure 5. Click for full size and explanation.
Figure 6. Click for full size and explanation.	Figure 7. Click for full size and explanation.

AMOUNTS OF SUBSIDENCE IN SELECTED AREAS IN THE SOUTHWEST

After large-scale development of ground-water resources began in the Southwest after World War II, land subsidence has occurred in many areas. The following table lists approximate maximum subsidence amounts as of 1997 for selected locations in the Southwest:

Arizona		Nevada		California		Texas
Eloy	15 feet	Las Vegas	6 feet	Lancaster	6 feet	El Paso	1 foot
West of Phoenix	18 feet	New Mexico		Southwest of Mendota	29 feet	Houston	9 feet
Tucson	<1 foot	Albuquerque	"<" 1 foot	Davis	4 feet
		Mimbres Basin	2 feet	Santa Clara Valley	12 feet
				Ventura	2 feet

RELATION OF LAND SUBSIDENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND POPULATION INCREASE IN THE SOUTHWEST

In areas where climate change results in less precipitation and reduced surface-water supplies, communities will pump more ground water. In the southern part of the United States from states on the Gulf Coast and westward including states of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Nevada and California, major aquifers include compressible clay and silt that can compact when ground-water is pumped. Also, increased population in the Southwest will increase demands on ground-water supplies, causing more land subsidence in areas already subsiding and new subsidence in areas where subsidence has not yet occurred. In the past, major subsidence areas have been in agricultural settings where ground-water has been pumped for irrigation. In the future, however, increasing population may result in subsidence problems in metropolitan areas where damage from subsidence will be great.

MONITORING LAND SUBSIDENCE

Figure 8. Click on image for full size and explanation

Several methods are available to monitor land subsidence. The most basic approaches use repeated surveys with conventional or GPS leveling. Another approach is to use permanent compaction recorders, or vertical extensometers (figure 8). These devices use a pipe or a cable inside a well casing. The pipe inside the casing extends from land surface to some depth through compressible sediments. A table at land surface holds instruments that monitor change in distance between the top of the pipe and the table. If the inner pipe and casing go through the entire thickness of compressible sediments, then the device measures actual land subsidence. If both ground-water levels and compaction of sediments are measured, then the data can be analyzed to determine properties that can be used to predict future subsidence. About 19 of these installations are operated in Southern Arizona and additional stations are operated in California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas. Another subsidence monitoring method under development and testing uses Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (INSAR). With this method, individual radar images from satellites are compared and interferograms are produced. Under the best conditions, land-surface elevation changes on the order of 1 inch or less can be determined.

REDUCING FUTURE SUBSIDENCE

In some areas where ground-water pumping has caused subsidence, the subsidence has been stopped by switching from ground-water to surface-water supplies. If surface water is not available, then other means must be taken to reduce subsidence. Possible measures include reducing water use and determining locations for pumping and artificial recharge that will minimize subsidence. Optimization models coupled with ground-water flow models can be used to develop such strategies.

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U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey
URL: http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/anthropogenic/subside/
Page Contact Information: ESD Web Team
Page Last Modified: Tue 6-Jan-2004 13:09:08 MST
Accessibility, Privacy, and other policies and notices

منبع : http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/anthropogenic/subside/

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تشریح کامل مراحل پي سازي
به نقل از وبلاگ معین عمران

پي سازي چند مرحله دارد : 1. آزمايش زمين از لحاظ مقاومت 2. پي كني 3. پي سازي پي وسيله اي است كه بار و فشار وارد از نقاط مختلف ساختمان و همچنين بارهاي اضافي را به زمين منتقل مي كند . آزمايش زمين : طبقه بندي زمين چند نوع است : زمين هايي كه با خاك ريزي دستي پر شده است : اين نوع زمين ها كه عمق بيشتري دارند و با خاكهاي دستي محل گودال ها را پر كرده اند اگر سالهاي متمادي هم بگذرد باز نمي توان جاي زمين طبيعي را بگيرد و اين نوع زمين براي ساختمان مناسب نيست و بايد پي كني در آنها به طريقي انجام گيرد كه پي ها به زمين طبيعي يا زمين سفت برسد . زمينهاي ماسه اي : زمينهاي ماسه اي بيشتر در كنار دريا وجود دارد . اگر زمين از ماسه خشك تشكيل شده باشد ، تا يك طبقه ساختمان را تحمل مي كند و 1.5 كيلوگرم بر سانتيمتر مربع مي توان فشار وارد آورد . ولي در صورتي كه ماسه آبدار باشد قابل ساختمان نيست ، چون ماسه آبدار حالت لغزندگي دارد و قادر نيست كه بار وارد را تحمل كند بنابراين ماسه از زير پي مي لغزد و جاي خالي خود را به پي مي دهد و پايه را خراب مي كند . زمينهاي دجي : زمين دجي زميني است كه از شنهاي درشت و ريز و خاك به هم فشرده تشكيل شده است و به رنگهاي مختلف ديده مي شود :دج زرد ، دج سياه ، دج سرخ ، اين نوع زمين ها براي ساختمان مرغوب و مناسب است . زمينهاي رسي : اگر رس خشك و بي آب و فشرده باشد ، براي ساختمان زمين خوبي محسوب مي شود ، و تحمل فشار لازم را دارد . ولي اگر رس آبدار و مرطوب باشد قابل استفاده نيست و تحمل فشار ندارد ، خصوصاً اگر ساختمان در زمين شيب دار روي رس آبدار ساخته شود فوري نشست مي كند و جاهاي مختلف آن ترك بر مي دارد و خراب مي شود . و اگر ساختمان در زمين آبدار با سطح افقي ساخته شود به علت وجود آب فشار را به همه نقاط اطراف خود منتقل مي كند و ديوارهاي كم ضخامت آن ترك بر مي دارد . زمينهاي سنگي : زمينهاي سنگي بيشتر در دامنه كوهها وجود دارد و از تخته سنگها ي بزرگ تشكيل شده و براي ساختمان بسيار مناسب است . زمينهاي مخلوط : اين نوع زمينها از سنگ درشت و شن و خاك رس تشكيل شده اگر اين مواد كاملا به هم فشرده باشند براي ساختمان بسيار مناسب است و اگر به هم فشرده نباشد و بايد از ايجاد ساختمان به روي اين نوع زمينها احتراز كرد . زمينهاي بي فايده : زمينهاي بي فايده مانند باتلاق ها و زمينهاي جنگل كه از خاك و برگ درختان تشكيل شده است . در اين نوع زمين ها بايد زمين آنقدر كنده شود تا به زمين سفت و طبيعي برسد . آزمايش زمين : گاهي پس از پي كني به طبقه اي از زمين محكم و سفت مي رسند و پي سازي را شروع مي كنند ولي پس از چندي ساختمان ترك بر مي دارد . علت آن اين است كه زمين سفتي كه به آن رسيده اند از طبقهُ نازكي بوده است و متوجه آن نشده اند ولي براي اطمينان در جاهاي مختلف زمين مي زنند تا از طبقات مختلف زمين آگاهي پيدا كنند و بعد شفته ريزي را شروع مي كنند اين عمل را در ساختمان گمانه زني (سنداژ) مي گويند . امتحان مقاومت زمين : يك صفحه بتني 20*20*20 یا 20*50*50 از بتن آرمه گرفته و روي آن به وسيلهُ گذاشتن تيرآهنها فشار وارد مي آورند . وزن آهنها مشخص و سطح صفحه بتن هم مشخص است فقط يك خط كش به صفحه بتني وصل مي كنند و به وسيله ميليمترهاي روي آن ميزان فرورفتگي زمين را از سطح آزاد مشخص و اندازه گيري مي كنند ولي اگر بخواهند ساختمانهاي بسيار بزرگ بسازند بايد زمين را بهتر آزمايش كنند . براي اي منظور با دستگاه فشار سنج زمين را اندازه گيري مي كنند و آزمايش فوق براي ساختمانهاي معمولي در كارگاه است . پس از عمليات فوق پي كني را آغاز ميكنند و پس از پي كني شفته ريزي شروع مي شود . توجه شود اين عمل همان آزمايش بارگذاري صفحه است كه در درس مهندسي پي جزء آزمايش هاي محلي و مهم محسوب ميشود البته از آنجا كه انجام عمليات مكانيك خاك براي ساختمانهاي معمولي صرفه اقتصادي ندارد ، انجام اين آزمايش در سازمانهاي و اداره هاي دولتي و يا ساختمانهاي بلند انجام مي شود . افقي كردن پي ها (تراز كردن) : براي تراز كردن كف پي ساختمانها از تراز هاي آبي استفاده مي كنند در ديوارهاي طويل چون كار شمشه و تراز كردن وقت بيشتري لازم دارد ، براي صرفه جويي در وقت از سه T مي توان استفاده كرد بدين معني كه T اول را با T دوم تراز مي كنند و T سوم را در مسافت مسير به طوري كه سه T در يك رديف قرار بگيرد قرار مي دهند از روي T اول و دوم كه با هم برابر هستند T سوم را ميزان و برابر مي كنند و پس از آنكه T سوم برابر شد T اول را بر مي دارند و به فاصله بيشتري بعد از T سوم قرار مي دهند ، دوباره T دوم و سوم را با T چهارم كه همان T اول مي باشد برابر مي كنند و دنباله اين ترازها را تا خاتمه محل كار ادامه مي دهند . البته اين طريق تراز كردن بيشتر در جاده سازي و زمين هاي پهناور به كار مي رود . شفته ريزي : كف پي ها بايد كاملا افقي و زاويهُ كف پي نسبت به ديوار پي بايد 90 درجه باشد . اول كف پي را بايد آب پاشيد ، تا مرطوب شود و واسطهاي بين زمين و شفته وجود نداشته باشد ، و سپس شفته را داخل آن ريخت . شفته عبارت است از خاك و شن و آهك كه به نسبت 200 تا 250 كيلوگرم گرد آهك را در متر مكعب خاك مخلوط مي كنند و گاهي هم در محلهايي كه احتياج باشد پاره سنگ به آن مي افزايند . شفته را در پي مي ريزند و پس از اينكه ارتفاع شفته به 30 سانتيمتر رسيد آن را در يك سطح افقي هموار مي كنند و يك روز آن را به حالت خود مي گذارند تا دو شود يعني آب آن يا در زمين فرو رود و يا تبخير گردد . پس از اينكه شفته دو نم شد آن را با وزنهُ سنگيني مي كوبند كه به آن تخماق ميگويند و پس از اينكه خوب كوبيده شد دوباره شفته را به ارتفاع 30 سانتيمتر شروع مي كنند و عمل اول را انجام مي دهند . تكرار اين عمل تا پر شدن پي ادامه دارد . در ساختمان ها كه معمولاً در گود يا پي كني عمل تراز كردن انجام ميگيرد محل كار در پي كه پيچ و خم زيادي دارد و تراز كردن با شمشه و تراز مشكل مي باشد از تراز شلنگي استفاده مي كنند . بدين ترتيب يك شلنگ چندين متري را پر از آب مي كنند به طوري كه هيچ گونه حباب هوايي در آن نباشد و آن را در پي محل هايي كه بايد تراز گردد به گردش در مي آورند و نقاط معين شده را با هم تراز مي كنند . آب چون در لوله هايي كه به هم ارتباط دارند در يك سطح مي ماند بنابراين چون شلنگ پر از آب مي باشد در هر كجا كه شلنگ را به حركت در آورند آب دو لوله استوانه اي در يك سطح مي باشد بنابراين دو نقطه مزبور با هم تراز مي باشند بشرط آنكه مواظبت كنيم كه شلنگ در وسط بهم گره خوردگي يا پيچش پيدا نكرده باشد تا باعث قطع ارتباط سيال شود كه ديگر نمي توان در تراز بودن آنها مطمئن بود . تراز كردن گاهي بوسيله دوربين نقشه بر داري (نيو) انجام مي گيرد يعني محلي را در ساختمان تعيين نموده دوربين را در محل تعيين شده نصب مي كنند و با مير ( تخته هاي اندازه گيري ارتفاع در نقشه برداري ) يا ژالون ( چوب هاي نيزه اي يا آهني كه هر 50 سانتيمتر آنرا به رنگهاي سفيد و قرمز رنگ كرده اند كه از پشت دوربين بخوبي ديده بشود ) اندازه گرفته و تراز يابي مي كنند . تراز كردن با دوربين بهترين نوع تراز يابي مي باشد . در زمين هايي مانند زمين هاي شهر كرمان از آنجايي كه از زمانهاي قبل قنواتي وجود داشته و بتدريج آب آنها خشك شده در زير زمين وجود داشته و بعد از مدتي بدون رعايت مسائل زير سازي درون آنها خاك ريخته اند و براي شهر سازي و خيابان كشي كه سطح خيابان ها را بالا مي آورده اند و به ظاهر در سطح زمين و حتي در عمق هاي 3 تا 4 متري اثري از آنها نيست اگر سازه اي روي اين زمين بنا شود پس از مدتي و بسته به عمق قنات و شرايط جوي مثلاً بعد از آمدن يك باران سازه نشست مي كند و در بسياري از مواقع حتي تا 100 درصد خسارت مي بيند و ديگر قابل استفاده نيست اگر در چنين ساختمان هايي از شفته آهك استفاده شود باعث تثبيت خاك مي شود و بروز نشست در ساختمان جلوگيري مي كند . پي سازي : بعد از اينكه عمل پي کني به پايان رسيد را بايد با مصالح مناسب بسازند تا به سطح زمين رسيده و قابل قبول براي هر گونه بنا باشد مصالحي كه در پي بكار ميرود بايد قابليت تحمل فشار مصالح بعدي را داشته باشد و ضمناً چسبندگي مصالح نسبت به يكديگر به اندازه اي باشد كه بتوانند در مقابل بارهاي بعدي تحمل كند و فشار را يكنواخت به تمام پي ها انتقال دهد چون هرچه ساختمان بزرگتر باشد فشارهاي وارده زيادتر بوده و مصالحي كه در پي بكار مي رود بايد متناسب با مصالح بعدي باشد . پي سازي را با چند نوع مصالح انجام مي دهند مصالحي كه در پي بكار مي رود عبارتند از شفته آهكي ، پي سازي با سنگ ، پي سازي با بتن ، پي سازي با بتن مسلح . پي سازي با سنگ : پس از اينكه عمل پي كني به پايان رسيد پي سازي با سنگ بايد از ديوارهايي كه روي آن بنا ميگردد وسيع تر بوده و از هر طرف ديوار حداقل 15 سانتيمتر گسترش داشته باشد يعني از دو طرف ديوار 30 سانتيمتر پهن تر مي باشد كه ديواري را رد وسط آن بنا مي كنند ، پي سازي با سنگ با دو نوع ملات انجام مي شود چنانچه بار و فشار بعدي زياد نباشد ملات سنگها را از ملات گل و آهك چنانچه فشار و بار زياد باشد ملات سنگ را از ملات ماسه و سيمان استفاده مي كنند اول كف پي را ملات ريزي نموده و سنگها را پهلوي يكديگر قرار ميدهند و لابِلاي سنگ را با ملات ماسه و سيمان پر ميكنند (غوطه اي) به طوري كه هيچ منفذ و سوراخي در داخل پي وجود نداشته باشد و عمل پهن كردن ملات و سنگ چيني تا خاتمه ديوار سازي ادامه پيدا مي كند . پي سازي با بتن : پس از اينكه كار پي كني به پايان رسيد كف پي را به اندازه تقريبي 10 سانتيمتر بتن كم سيمان بنام بتن مِگر مي ريزند كه سطح خاك و بتن اصلي را از هم جدا كند روي بتن مگر قالب بندي داخل پي را با تخته انجام ميدهند همانطور كه در بالا گفته شد عمل قالب بندي وسيع تر از سطح زير ديوار نقشه انجام ميگيرد تمام قالب ها كه آماده شد بتن ساخته شده را داخل قالب نموده و خوب مي كوبند و يا با ويبراتور به آن لرزش وارد آورده تا خلل و فرج آن پر شود و چنانچه بتن مسلح باشد ، داخل قالب را با ميله هاي گرد آرماتور بندي و بعد از آهن بندي داخل قالب را با بتن پر ميكنند . بتن ريزي در پي و آرماتور داخل آن به نسبت وسعت پي براي ساختمان هاي بزرگ قابليت تحمل فشار هر گونه را ميتواند داشته باشد و بصورت كلافي بهم پيوسته فشار ساختمان را به تمام نقاط زمين منتقل مي كند و از شكست و ترك هاي احتمالي جلو گيري بعمل مي آورد . پي سازي و پي كني با هم : در بعضي مواقع ممكن است زمين سست بوده و پي كني بطور يكدفعه نتواند انجام پذيرد و اگر بخواهيم داخل تمام پي ها را قالب بندي كنيم مقرون به صرفه نباشد در اين موقع قسمتي از پي را كنده و با تخته و چوب قالب بندي نموده شفته ريزي مي كنيم پس از اينكه شفته كمي خود را گرفت يعني آب آن تبخير و يا در زمين فرو رفت و دونم شد پي كني قسمت بعدي را شروع نموده و با همان تخته ها ، قالب بندي مي كنيم بطوريكه شفته اول خشك نشده باشد و بتواند با شفته اول خشك نشده باشد و بتواند با شفته بعد خودگيري خود را انجام داده و بچسبد اين نوع پي سازي معمولاً در زمين هاي نرم و باتلاقي ، خاك دستي و ماسه آبدار عمل ميگردد . پي كني در زمين هاي سست : در زمين هاي سست و خاك دستي اگر بخواهيم ساختماني بنا كنيم بايد اول محل پي ها را به زمين سفت رسانيده و پس از اطمينان كامل ساختمان را بنا نماييم زيرا ساختمان كه روي اين زمين ها مطابق معمول و يا در زمين سست بنا گردد . پس از چندي يا در همان موقع ساخته شدن باعث ترك ها و خرابي ساختمان ميگردد . بنابراين شفته ريزي از روي زمين سفت بايد انجام گيرد و براي اينكار بشرح زير عمل مي نمائيم : پي كني در زمين هاي خاك دستي و سست : پس از پياده كردن اصل نقشه روي زمين محل پي هاي اصلي و يا در تقاطع پي ها كه فشار پايه ها روي آن مي باشد چاه هائي حفر ميشود ، عمق اين چاهها به قدري مي باشد تا به زمين سفت و سخت برسد بعداً محل چاه ها را با شفته آهكي پر كرده و پس از پر كردن چاه ها و خودگيري شفته ، پي ها را به طريقه معمول روي شفته چاه ها شفته ريزي ميكنند ، شفته ها به صورت كلافي مي باشند كه زير آنها را تعدادي از ستون هاي شفته اي نگهداري ميكند و از فرو ريختن آن جلوگيري مي نمايند البته بايد سعي كرد كه فاصله ستون هاي شفته اي نبايد بيش از سه متر طول باشد . خاصيت چاه ها بدين طريق مي باشد كه شفته پس از خودگيري مانند ستونهايي است كه زير زمين بنا شده است و شفته روي آن مانند كلافي پايه را به يكديگر متصل مي كنند براي مقاومت بيشتر در ساختمان پس از اينكه آجر كاري پايه ها را شروع نموديم ما بين پايه ها را مطابق شكل با قوسهايي به يكديگر متصل ميكنند تا پايه ها عمل فشار به اطراف خود را خنثي نموده و فشار خود را در محل اصلي خود يعني در محلي كه شفته ريزي آن به زمين بِكر رسيده متصل ميكند . گاهي اتفاق مي افتد كه در ساختمان در محل بناي يكي از پايه ها چاه هاي قديمي وجود دارد و بقيه زمين سخت بوده و مقاومت به حد كافي براي ساختن ساختمان روي آنرا دارد براي اينكه براحتي بتوان پايه را در محل خود ساخت و محل آن را تغيير نداد چاه را پس از لاي روبي (پاك كردن ) با شفته آهك پر مينماييم موقعيكه شفته خودگيري خود را انجام داد روي آنرا يك قوس آجري ساخته و در محل انتهاي كمان پايه را بنا ميكنيم كه فشار ديوار با اطراف چاه منتقل گردد . در بعضي مواقع چاه كني در اين گونه زمين ها خطرناك مي باشد . زيرا زمين ريزش دارد و به كارگر صدمه وارد مياورد و در موقع كار ممكن است او را خفه كند براي جلوگيري از ريزش زمين بايد از پلاكهاي بتني يا سفالي كه در اصطلاح به آنها گَوَل (در شهرستانها گوم و غيره ) مينامند استفاده شود گَوَل هاي بتني يك تكه و دو تكه اي و گول هاي سفالي يك تكه ميباشد . گول هاي بتني را بوسيله قالب مي سازند و گول هاي سفالي بوسيله دست و گل رس ساخته شده و در كوره هاي آجري آن را مي پزند تا بشكل سفالي در آيد از اين گول ها در قنات ها نيز استفاده ميشود . طريقه عمل : مقداري از زمين كه بصورت چاه كنده شده گول را بشكل استوانه اي ساخته ميباشد داخل محل كنده شده نصب و عمل كندن را ادامه ميدهند در اين موقع دو حالت وجود دارد يا اينكه گول اولي كه زير آن در اثر كندن خالي شده براحتي پايين رفته گول دوم را نصب ميكنيم يا اينكه گول اول در محل خود با فشار خاك كه به اطراف آن آمده تنگ مي افتد و نمي تواند محل خود را تغيير و يا پايين تر برود در اين موقع از گول هاي دو تكه اي استفاده مينماييم نيمي را در محل خود نصب و جاي آنرا محكم نموده و نصفه دوم را پس از كندن محل آن نصب مي نماييم و عمل پي كني را بدين طريق ادامه ميدهيم . پي كني در زمين هاي سست مانند خندق هائي كه خاك دستي در آنها ريخته شده است و مرور زمان هم اثري براي محكم شدن آن ندارد و يا زمين هاي باتلاقي و غيره ضروري مي باشد . زمين هائي كه قسمت خاك ريزي شده در آنها به ارتفاع كم مي باشد و يا باتلاقي بودن آن به عمق زيادي نرسد ميتوان در اين قبيل زمين ها پي كني عمقي انجام داد و براي جلوگيري از ريزش خاك آنرا با تخته و چوب قالب بندي نموده تا به زمين سخت برسد . البته قالب بندي در اينگونه زمين ها خالي از اشكال نمي باشد بايد با منتهاي دقت انجام گيرد پس از انجام كار قالب بندي شفته ريزي شروع ميشود و چون تخته هاي قالب در طول قرار دارد ميتوان پس از شفته ريزي تخته دوم را شروع كرد به همين منوال تمام پي ها را ميتوان شفته ريزي كرد بدون اينكه تكه اي و يا تخته اي از قالب زير شفته بماند .

آدرس مقاله: http://moein-omran.blogfa.com/

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

کتاب معماری هتلهای جدید

New Hotels

Alejandro Bahamon, “New Hotels”
Collins Design | 330 pages | ISBN: 0060544694 | PDF | 20 Mb

Many of the hotels featured in this elegant volume are so extraordinarily posh that readers wishing to experience their comforts may well find their only opportunity is in these pages. The majority of the structures are modernist urban oases located throughout five continents, from London and Buenos Aires to Miami Beach and Italy. (Notably absent, however, are Asian hotels.) Colombian architect Bahamon showcases high-concept designer hotels with “an attention to personality coupled with an organic integration of the building with its history and surroundings.” Fur-lined beds are a necessity at Sweden’s chilly new Icehotel, for example, where the building itself and much of the decor is rendered from immense blocks of ice, while Berlin’s Propeller Island City Lodge is “an art gallery where guests stay in constantly changing installations.” In addition to the glossy photos highlighting soaring lobbies and luxurious suites, the page spreads offer brief histories on the hotels’ structure and design. Though at its heart a book for designers and hoteliers, this volume will also give lay readers and armchair travelers plenty of sophisticated eye candy.

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اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

Solutions Manual for Vector Mechanics for Engineers:

Statics, 7th Edition

F. P. Beer, E. R. Johnston Jr., E. R. Eisenberg, & G. H. Staab, «Solutions Manual for Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics, 7th Edition»
McGraw-Hill | ISBN 0072304936 | 7 edition (June 1, 2003) | PDF | 605 pages | 36.84 MB

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اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

The MEC 91-Series rough-terrain scissor-lift aerial work platforms (models 2591RT, 3391RT and 4191RT) have working heights, respectively, of 31, 39 and 47 feet. When the 48-inch roll-out deck is fully extended, the platform measures 180x91 inches. Platform capacities, respectively, are 2,000, 1,500 and 1,000 pounds. According to MEC, the new models incorporate the company’s Quad-Trax 4WD Power system to allow them to traverse rough terrain to reach the jobsite. The large platforms, says MEC, can accommodate four people, plus work tools and accessories.

منبع سایت http://www.constructionequipment.com/index.asp

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

     نيروي باد

آسمان خراشهاي اوليه به علت وزن زياد ساختمان با ديوارهاي باربر ساخته شده از مصالح بنايي چنان بودند نيروي باد قادر نبود به جاذبه زمين غلبه كند . با افزايش ارتفاع سرعت باد افزايش مي يابد ، سرعت متوسط باد استاتيكي يعني ثابت است ولي سرعت وزش هاي ناگهاني ديناميكي است ، بنابراين در طراحي ساختمان ها علاوه بر اين با خمش يك طرفه (ناشي ازبرخورد باد به يك طرف ساختمان) و خمش دو طرفه كه تنش هاي برشي و پيچشي اضافي روي اعضاي سازه وارد مي كند و در نهايت تغيير مكان دوطرفه ايجاد مي كند، روبرو هستيم  .

      تقسيم بندي سيستم لوله قابي :

سيستم هاي لوله اي با توجه با فاصله بين ستون هاي خارجي به چند دسته تقسيم مي شوند كه به چند مورد اشاره مي شود .

1)      قاب لوله اي با فاصله 10 تا 15 فوت (3 تا 4.58 متر) . به اين ترتيب كه در پلان هاي مستطيلي در جهت كوتاه فاصله 3 متر و در جهت بلند 4.58 متر .كه البته اين نوع فاصله گذاري براي پلان هاي غير فشرده مناسب مي باشد و در بسياري از

ساختمان هاي بلند يافت مي شود . اندازه ستون ها 38×40 اينچ و يا در بعضي طرح ها 27 ×40 اينچ . در ساختمان هاي فلزي اين اندازه ها مقداري كوچكتر شده به ميزاني كه ستونها 20 ×36 اينچ مي باشند كه البته شرايط ضد آتش آنها را به اندازه ستون هاي مركب ميرساند .

2)      قابهاي لوله اي با فاصله 10 فوت (3 متر) ستون ، كه اين فاصله براي همه ستون هاي اطراف محيطي استفاده مي شود و در بعضي از ساختمان ها ممكن است برخي از طراحان و مالكان تصميم بگيرند كه اين فاصله كمتر نيز بشود كه اندازه ستون ها 27 ×48 اينچ براي ستون هاي تركيبي و 20×36 اينچ براي ستونهاي فلزي بكار رود .

اولين ساختماني كه از اين سيستم استفاده كرده ، ساختمان 43 طبقه  دويت چيست نات در سال 1964 در شيكاگو است كه اين سيستم به خاطر مشكلاتي كه دارد اصلاح شده است ؛ در ادامه به آن  خواهيم پرداخت ، چنين به نظر مي رسد كه روش لوله قابي براي ساختمان هاي فولادي تا هشتاد طبقه و براي ساختمان هاي بتني تا شصت طبقه اقتصادي است .

      ساختمان هاي ساخته شده با سيستم لوله قابي :

      آپارتمان دويت چست نات

 اولين ساختمان ساخته شده با سيستم لوله قابي در سال1965 با 43 طبقه .

   The Plaza on Dewitt

با ارتفاع 120 متر در سال 1966 و با 43 طبقه ارتفاع ، در مرکز تجاري شهر شيکاگو ساخته شد و اين ساختمان نمونه ديگري از سيستم لوله اي است کهچهارچوبهاي صلب خارجي که از ستونهاي پيراموني تشکيل شده اند ، سازه را مهاربندي کرده و اجازه ايجاد طبقاتي با فضاي باز را مي دهند .

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

یک طرح برای استفاده در ساختمان های مسکونی...

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

OttoPDF is a freeware program that converts AutoCAD drawing files into Adobe Acrobat PDF files without using AutoCAD.	?	http://www.myndkryme.com/products/ ottopdf.html
OttoTiff is a conversion utility that takes AutoCAD DWG files and converts them to TIFF Group IV image files. Freeware.	?	http://www.myndkryme.com/products/ ottotiff.html
European Structural Steel Sections available in .DWG format.	?	http://www.europrofil.lu/Index/ ind_software.html
Free USA Engineering Software
WSDOT Bridge Engineering Software Free programs from the Washington State Department of Transportation.		http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/eesc/bridge/Software/
Office of Earthquake Engineering Software Free California Transportation Department software for bridge foundations, piles and concrete sections.		http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/earthquake_engineering
Expansion Joint Spacing Design Free program.		http://www.dynasoftinc.com/expjoint.htm
Aladdin - A computational toolkit for the interactive matrix and finite element analysis of large engineering structures, particularly building and highway bridge structures.		http://www.isr.umd.edu/~austin/aladdin.html
Pavement-Transportation Computer Assisted Structural Engineering - Distribution site for free airfield, road, railroad, and general transportation, design and evaluation software written by US Army Corps of Engineers		http://www.pcase.com/
FElt is a free system for finite element analysis. The current version of FElt knows how to solve linear static and dynamic structural and thermal analysis problems.		http://felt.sourceforge.net/
Structural Engineering Programs - free from the Florida Department of Transportation.		http://www.dot.state.fl.us/structures/proglib.htm
Bridge Software Institute - University of Florida, bridge software.		http://bsi-web.ce.ufl.edu/downloads/
IDARC - A Computer Program for Inelastic Structural Analysis developed at the State University of New York at Buffalo. The program is distributed free.		http://civil.eng.buffalo.edu/idarc2d50/
Composite Beam/Girder Program Free program.		ftp://users.aol.com/hspannu/compbeam.exe
Concrete Column Program - This highly powerful program is an essential tool for designing concrete columns in a Professional Engineering office. The Program can handle UniAxial, BiAxial design of Circular, Rectangular and ANY SHAPE (Irregular Shape defined by X,Y Coordinates) Columns.		ftp://users.aol.com/hspannu/column.exe
ConcBeam - reinforced concrete beam  "calculator". User enters Bending Moment and Shear, the program generates reinforcement required in text and graphical formats. Working Stress, Load Factor and Load and Resistance, AASHTO or ACI requirements. English and Metric units. Free.		http://www.krtek.com/
97 UBC Lateral Design Spreadsheet - this spreadsheet is intended as an educational tool for the learning and understanding of the Wood provisions of the 1997 Uniform Building Code. It will perform both flexible and rigid diaphragm analysis. Requires Microsoft Excel. Free.		http://www.seaoc.org/Pages/software.html
Two-cycle Moment Distribution - RC Beam - this Excel spreadsheet performs two-cycle moment distribution per the PCA publication of the same name. It designs positive and negative moment reinforcement, stirrups, checks deflection, accounts for column stiffness and performs crack control analysis.		http://www.seaoc.org/Pages/software.html
StlShape - is a free program for the analysis and design of simply supported beams and cantilevers. The program can cater for steel, timber and reinforced concrete to American building codes.		http://members.tripod.com/~stlshape/ or http://www.seaoc.org/Pages/software.html
Bridge Application Software - free from the Colorado DOT Information Systems, Project Engineering Customer Support Unit.		http://www.dot.state.co.us/Business/Design/PECSU/
Excel spreadsheet to analyse freestanding signs. Free download from "Engineering Sign Structures".		http://www.signweb.com/installation/cont/engss.html
The BridgeSight Shear Designer - Free shear design aid for reinforced concrete beams. AASHTO LRFD design. Microsoft Excel version 7.0 or later.		http://www.bridgesite.com/sheardesigner.htm
Mathcad Worksheets - for calculating lateral soil pressures on a retaining wall using the Rankine method, area of steel for a concrete T-Beam given the design moment and properties of any general section. Free.		http://www.bridgesite.com/freesoftware.htm
NONLIN - Nonlinear dynamic time history analysis of single degree of freedom systems. Microsoft Windows based application for the dynamic analysis of single degree of freedom structural systems.		http://www.fema.gov/home/EMI/nonlin.htm
Concrete Building Design by Computer - free software with explanations and illustrations covering the analysis and design of concrete building structural components.		http://ourworld-top.cs.com/JackC7799/index.htm
Mathcad Application Files - A free collection of Mathcad applications on the official Mathcad web site. Includes a section on Civil Engineering.		http://www.mathsoft.com/appsindex.html
From The Structuralist Net - Flexible diaphragm shear distribution Excel spreadsheet, Wide-flange steel beam analysis spreadsheet and an Excel macro to extract line coordinates from Autocad Drawings. Free downloads.		http://www.structuralist.net/cgi-local/ UltraBoard/UltraBoard.cgi? action=Headlines&BID=67&SID=4522
MathCad Templates - many Mathcad template files for structural engineers on the The Structuralist.Net. Free downloads.		http://www.structuralist.net/cgi-local/ UltraBoard/UltraBoard.cgi? action=Headlines&BID=68&SID=4522
Civil Engineering Mathcad Templates - free downloads from the Mathcad Collaboratory.		http://collab.mathsoft.com/~Mathcad2000 /guests
Geotechnical Engineering Software - Free software from the Office of Bridge Technology, Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation.		http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/geosoft.htm
DTColumn - this program quickly and easily calculates reinforced concrete column interaction diagrams. It is a FREE download to anyone interested in using it.		http://www.dtware.com/
Plane Failure Analysis - calculates the factor of safety for plane failures in rock and soil slopes where defined discontinuity planes exist. Free from the Southern Illinois University.		http://www.engr.siu.edu/mining/kroeger/
Wedge Failure Analysis - includes a stereonet view of the planes the user inputs and a printable summary of the analysis. The user can input artifical support (rockbolts, cables, bolts) or calculate the required support by entering the desired factor of safety. Free from the Southern Illinois University.		http://www.engr.siu.edu/mining/kroeger/
IDARC-BRIDGE - A Program for Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Inelastic Analysis of Bridges. Allows many aspects of bridge behavior to be explicitly modeled. Developed at the State University of New York at Buffalo. The program is distributed free.		http://civil.eng.buffalo.edu/idarc-bridge/
SteelS is a utility containing shape information for W, S, M and HP sections. Basic mechanical and geometrical properties are shown and its based on ASTM A6 as it was current in 2000. Freeware.		http://www.steelsplus.com/freeware.html
Rest Of The World - Free Engineering Software
3D Pile Analysis and Cross-section - 2 free analysis programs in Dutch.		http://home.wanadoo.nl/wolsink
SpanCAD is software for the design of structural reinforced concrete walls, discontinuities, deep beams, walls loaded in plane and box-shaped structures.		http://www.mechanics.citg.tudelft.nl/ spancad/
Structural Safety - this program computes the reliability of a structure from the safety factors that are used in its design. It is freeware, so, you can download and use it free of charge.		http://www.mechanics.citg.tudelft.nl/%7Epierre/ StructuralSafetyProgram/safman.html
Raul Canle's Structural Engineering page - has some small programs for purlin, stiffeners and plate girder calculations to USA and Spanish codes available for download (in Spanish).		http://www.ctv.es/USERS/raul.canle/ home.htm
IFB (Integrated Floor Beams) -The IFB program has been developed for the design of slimfloor slabs based on Integrated Floor Beams (IFB) sections, which are composed of a frame with a split-up wide flange section and a plate welded as bottom or top flange. It is only possible to calculate simple beams that are hung at the two supports.		http://www.europrofil.lu/Index/ ind_software.html
AFCC - The AFCC program calculates the ultimate loads for composite columns AF 30/120 at room temperature according to EUROCODE 4, part 1.1 (ENV 1944.1-1) and for the ISO fire classes R30, R60, R90 and R120, in accordance with EUROCODE 4, part 1.2 (ENV 1944,1.2).		http://www.europrofil.lu/Index/ ind_software.html
AFCB - The AFCB program calculates the ultimate bending moments for composite beams at room temperature according to EUROCODE 4, part 1.1 (ENV 1944.1-1) and for the ISO fire classes R30, R60, R90 and R120, in accordance with EUROCODE 4, part 1.2 (ENV 1944,1.2).		http://www.europrofil.lu/Index/ ind_software.html
European Structural Steel Sections Technical Data in Excel format from the Europrofil sales programme.		http://www.europrofil.lu/Index/ ind_software.html
Response-2000 is an easy to use sectional analysis program that will calculate the strength and ductility of a reinforced concrete cross-section subjected to shear, moment, and axial load. All three loads are considered simultaneously to find the full load-deformation response using the latest research based on the modified compression field theory. The program was developed at the University of Toronto.		http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~bentz/r2k.htm
Membrane-2000 is an easy to use analysis program that will calculate the load-deformation relationship for a uniform panel of reinforced concrete subjected to in-plane shear loading. The program implements the Modified Compression Field Theory as well as the Rotating Angle-Softened Truss Model and the Fixed Angle-Softened Truss Models. The program was developed at the University of Toronto.		http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~bentz/m2k.htm
Shell-2000 is an easy to use analysis program that will calculate the load-deformation relationship for a general plate or shell subjected to any combination of the 8 loads that are possible for such an element. Shell-2000 is the first program to properly account for the out-of-plane shear distribution in a rigorous way. The program implements the Modified Compression Field Theory to arrive at solutions. The program was developed at the University of Toronto.		http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~bentz/s2k.htm
Triax-2000 is an easy to use analysis program that will calculate the load-deformation relationship for a uniform block of reinforced concrete in three dimensions. It may be subjected to any combination of the general 6 stresses that can be applied to an arbitrary 3D block. The program implements the Modified Compression Field Theory to arrive at solutions. The program was developed at the University of Toronto.		http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~bentz/t2k.htm
Multiple Fastener Connections (WIN/UK/free) - Developed for the research project 'double shear timber connections with dowel type fasteners', by Dr.Ir. Andre Jorissen. With the MFJ program the reduction in the load carrying capacity for multiple fastener connections can be simulated for a variable number of fasteners, depending on the geometry and material properties.		http://www.veenhoven.com/software.html
Timber Frame Housing (DOS/NL/free) - Developed for the Nordic Timber Council and distributed amongst architects, technical schools and consumers in the Netherlands on quite a large scale. The program shows you the main principles of detailing and construction for this building method.		http://www.veenhoven.com/software.html
Dutch Glulam Design Program (DOS/NL+UK/free) - With the glulam design program it is easy to design laminated timber constructions quickly and accurately. The program has been designed to be used by structural engineers as well as architects. The program calculates and optimizes the required dimensions, and outputs the moments, shear forces and displacements on either screen or printer.		http://www.veenhoven.com/software.html
Timber Poles Program (DOS/NL/free) - Program for the design and calculation of foundations with timber poles. You can download and use the program for free.		http://www.veenhoven.com/software.html
Analysis of a Reinforced Concrete Section - free spreadsheet for the new Australian Standards Concrete Structures and Bridge Design Codes. Calculate stresses under combined bending & axial load, minimum reinforcement areas, crack widths to BS5400 & EuroCode2, ultimate moment capacity for specified axial load, display moment/axial load interaction diagram.		http://www.terrassociates.com/software.htm
ProfilARBED - European beams selection program. The aim of the program is to give the user a fast method to find a steel beam and its associated properties. This can be done by selecting a profile by its name or by searching a profile responding to a set of user-defined conditions.		http://www.europrofil.lu/Index/ ind_software.html
CCD - Composite Column Design according to Eurocode 4 (ENV 1994-1-1).		http://www.europrofil.lu/Index/ ind_software.html
PURLIN SIZER - is a downloadable Excel spreadsheet file which uses the information from the Cold Formed Lipped Channel spreadsheet to automatically size CFLC purlins. Also, South African Steel Tables in Excel format.		http://www.bauerconsultbotswana.com/ engineering.html
DesignInHyne / TasDesign - Free timber beam design software for design to Australian standards.		http://www.huntrobinson.com.au/ software5.html
Top1 NL design version 4.21 - Dutch modern design & engineering tool for timber structures. Optimizes a wide range of structure types, from simple beams and purlins, through boomerang beams and portals. In glulam, sawn timber or Kerto. German version available too. Free.		http://www.veenhoven.com/top1nl.html
Excel spreadsheets for geotechnical engineering from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.		http://www.bygg.ntnu.no/geo/kurs/ laremod/laremod.htm
BigSolve - German beam/frame analysis program.		http://www.stabstatik.de/
Free Office Software
Columbus - Free Document Management system from Arup.	*****	http://columbus.arup.com/
AVG 6.0 Anti-Virus System - Free Edition, AVG Resident Protection, AVG Email Scanner, AVG On-Demand Scanner, Scheduled Tests, Free Virus Database Updates, Automatic Update feature, Easy-To-Use Interface, Automatic Healing of infected files, AVG Virus Vault for safe handling of infected files.	*****	http://www.grisoft.com
F-PROT Anti-Virus Software From the Imperial College server. Free for personal use. Click the following for more information:   CLICK!	*****	http://sunsite.org.uk/packages/simtelnet/msdos/virus/
Time Stamp - a freeware program you can use to easily track time spent on a project. It enables you to time how long you spend on a task, including features that let you take "slack time" for a phone call or break. Times for various tasks can be linked to an hourly charge rate for accurate billing.	*****	http://www.syntap.com
ZipCentral is a free, robust and easy to use zip file manager with a lot of features. Supports all common zip file actions plus creation of self-extracting archives, drag and drop, disk spanning, shell execution, repairing damaged archives and more. User interface similar to other popular shareware archive managers.	*****	http://zipcentral.iscool.net/
StarOffice™ software is a powerful, cross-platform office productivity suite -- available free of charge -- that delivers seamless access to applications and files. Includes spreadsheet software.	*****	http://www.sun.com/staroffice/
Copernic 2000 is an intelligent agent that carries out your net-searches by simultaneously consulting the most important search engines of the Internet. Some 65 information sources are accessible with this version. Copernic 2000 is FREE.	*****	http://www.copernic.com
Go!Zilla - recover from download errors and resume failed downloads, manage and categorize files to download later and get those files from the most responsive site. Free unlimited, fully functional.	*****	http://www.gozilla.com/
Microsoft Word Viewer 97/2000 (Win95/98/NT) This free program lets you view and print not only MS Word 97/2000 documents, but also documents created with all prior versions of Word for Windows and version 4.0 and above of Word for Macintosh.	*****	http://office.microsoft.com/downloads/ 2000/wd97vwr32.aspx
Free PDF v0.95 Public Beta - Create your own PDFs files for free. Make professional looking, PDF Portable Document Format viewable/printable with Adobe Acrobat Reader on any platform.	*****	http://www.webxd.com/zipguy/freepdf.htm
Adobe® Acrobat® Reader™ is free software that lets you view and print Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) files.	*****	http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/ readstep2.html
IrfanView is a very fast FREEWARE 32-Bit graphic viewer for Windoze 9x, Windows NT and Windows 2000.	*****	http://stud1.tuwien.ac.at/~e9227474/ english.htm
602Pro PC Suite v2000b is an integrated office suite which includes four applications: a word processor, spreadsheet, graphics editor, and visual desktop. OS: Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000 License: Freeware.		http://www.software602.com/products/pcs/ index.html
GNOME Office includes AbiWord, Gnumeric, GIMP, Dia, EOG, GNOME-PIM, and GNOME-DB. AbiWord is a word processor, Gnumeric is a spreadsheet application, the GIMP is an extremely powerful and versatile image editing program, Dia draws structured diagrams, Eye Of GNOME is an image viewer, GNOME-PIM is a personal information manager, and GNOME-DB provides database connectivity. Freeware project.	?	http://www.gnome.org/gnome-office/
Grids was designed as a simple vectorial drawing software for Windows. Its principal functions are dedicated to schemes drawing, thus you can generate libraries with symbols which can be easily used (many symbols are provided with Grids). It can be used for networks schemes, for electrical schemes, for databases conception, flood charts, etc. Grids is a free software.	****	http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/ Lab/3719/
Drawme - a drawing program for Windows 3.1 This drawing program is freeware and is designed to provide a simple means for creating diagrams and illustrations to scale.	***	http://ourworld.compuserve.com/ homepages/John_Maddock/drawme.htm
WordWeb is a free comprehensive dictionary and thesaurus that works with several word processors or as a stand alone program. The program has a large database of more than 120,000 root words, 100,000 synonym sets and comes with a template file so you can use it directly with Microsoft Word 6.0, 7.0, or 97.	*****	http://wordweb.info/free/
THE Thinking Man's Thesaurus - includes a powerful thesaurus and a dictionary which can check the spelling of individual words as well as provide you with a list of similarly spelt words. Freeware.	****	http://www.theabsolute.net/sware/ index.html#thes
Sicyon is a freeware all-in-one type of software consisting: expression calculator + constants database + units converter + solver.	*****	http://www.sicyon.com/
Calc98 - is a pocket calculator simulator program for the Microsoft Windows operating system. It is a replacement for the calculator program which is included with the operating system, with many additional features and greater flexibility. It is especially designed for scientific and engineering users and includes a wide range of units conversions and scientific functions. Free.	****	http://www.calculator.org/
GraphTablet - With a simple, pushbutton interface you can create blank rectangular, polar, or semilog graph paper on your home printer. Free.	***	http://www.graphtablet.com/

Comments on the above software are invited in the message board....

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FREE STRUCTURAL SOFTWARE*

Last updated: 21 May 2006

Free structural software? Is there such a thing? It is just knowing where to look. There are quite a few places now to obtain software. This page contains information on where to obtain free programs and fully working programs that the Author allows you to evaluate. All the software is fully working and no unusable or time limited demos are listed here.		* Some software may require registration after an evaluation period. Read the software documentation for details.
		If you know of any software that falls into the description on the left, please e-mail me with details and I will post it up.
Link to: Spreadsheets for Structural Engineering
5-Star rating against the software         *****excellent ****very good ***good **average *poor
Software	Rating	Where to get
FRAMEWORK 2D and 3D linear elastic frame analysis. Completely free, 32-bit windows software. Get this one!	*****	http://home.wanadoo.nl/wolsink
RING is a powerful 32 bit mechanism analysis program for single and multi-span masonry arch bridges. A unique feature is its ability to analyse multi-ring brickwork arch bridges. Developed at the University of Sheffield, UK. Free download.	*****	www.shef.ac.uk/ring
FastFrame by Enercalc. This is a 32 bit Windows 95, 98 & NT Two-Dimensional frame analysis program. You can model any type of framed 2D structure by setting "joints" and specifying "members" that span between them. After loads and load cases are specified the displacements and forces are calculated by solving a bandwidth minimized stiffness matrix using an active column solver. US, SI, and Metric units. Requires 800x600 video mode using "Small" fonts. Free software. (This would have been a 5-star but for the video mode. It is still useable and I use it!)	****	http://www.enercalc.com/support/ downloads.asp
Fastrak Simple Beam by CSC Analysis and design of simple steel beams and cantilevers to BS 5950:Part 1:1990. Free program.	*****	http://www.cscworld.com/products/fastrak/multi/ simbeam.htm
BDES v5.0 Free composite and non-composite simple steel beam design to BS 5950 from the SCI. This is on the Corus Contruction Manual CD, request it from their site.	*****	http://www.corusconstruction.com
Structural Engineering Analysis Software written by Herbert G. Whitman, PE. Many free programs here! English and SI units.	*****	http://www.fseas.info/
CONCEPT by Reinforced Concrete Council Conceptual design program for RC framed buildings. Get this on the RCC-2000 CD.	***	http://www.rcc-info.org.uk
Atlas 1.20 Free beam analysis program.	***	http://www.rekenwonder.com/atlas.htm
GRAPE GBW16 3D Beam/Truss Finite Element Program.	****	http://www.grapesoftware.mb.ca/
MicroBEAM 4.10 is the structural analysis and design tool for engineers. It originally works in DOS world and now in Windows 3.1/95/98. Free. Also available here is a pile group analysis program and a section properties analysis program, both free. MicroBeam is not BS8110.	***	http://members.tripod.com/~suphot/
Skeleton A free program for the analysis of plane frames. A DOS program which works in Windows 3.1 & 95 Environment.	***	http://www.technouk.com/
CADRE Lite 2.1 Cadre Lite is a 32 bit program for solving 3-D frame and beam type structures by the finite element method.	?	http://www.cadreanalytic.com/cadrelit.htm
UniPhase 2.1 A free, program to assist in selecting soil density and calculating phase system parameters such as void ratio, dry density, and degree of saturation.	**	http://www.unisoftltd.com/uniphase.htm
Sphygmic Software Spreadsheet Free Excel-compatible spreadsheet program with over 100 functions.	****	http://www.ds.unifi.it/~stefanin/ AGR_2001/SH/sssheet.htm
MathGV (32-bit) is a powerful, free program for graphing mathematical functions.	*****	http://www.mathgv.com
L I S A is a professional finite element analysis program courtesy of Joachim Pommerening. The downloadable version is limited to a generous 1300 nodes, and has very powerful Modelling Tools. It can be used to analyze Linear Static Stresses, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in dynamic analysis.	?	http://members.aol.com/jpommereni/LISA.html
SLFFEA is a free finite element analysis program which can be used by students as a learning tool for FEM programming or by practicing engineers. This program allows for non-zero boundary conditions and has skyline storage of the stiffness matrix.	?	http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2099/slffea.html
Moment Distribution - free beam analysis program for Windows 95 and above.	?	http://www.angelfire.com/hi/teehornghean/
Rectangular Beam Design is a free rectangular beam design program to BS8110. Windows 95 and above.	***	http://www.angelfire.com/hi/teehornghean/
Geotechnical Software Directory - Free geotechnical software here. Click on the Freeware heading in the index.	****	http://www.ggsd.com/
ConSpec from the Ready-mixed Concrete Bureau - a software tool to assist in the specification of concrete for construction projects. The aim is to produce specifications which are both concise and complete. Free.	*****	http://www.rcb.org.uk/conspec.htm
FBEAM from Fabsec. Free software for the design of fabricated composite and non-composite steel beams (with web openings) to BS5950. Produced by the Steel Construction Institute. You can make up your own beam using the custom function. Request a FBEAM CD from Fabsec's web site.	*****	http://www.fabsec.com/
freeCAD is an introductory 3D Computer Aided Design package with Motion Simulation capabilities. It allows you to create and manipulate collections of 3D parts. The parts are 3D solid models, which can be connected or assembled by joints or constraints. The parts and their connections define the structure or mechanism that the assembly represents. Freeware.	?	http://www.askoh.com
CONVERT is an easy to use unit conversion program that will convert the most popular units of distance, temperature, volume, time, speed, mass, power, density, pressure, energy and many others, including the ability to create custom conversions!	****	http://www.joshmadison.com/software/convert/
Uconeer - Units Conversion for Engineers. This is a powerful, but easy to use, units conversion tool created specifically for engineers. It includes 370 units in 42 categories. Freeware.	?	http://www.katmarsoftware.com/ uconeer.htm
Rockgrout - a free suite of programs about cement grouting in rock foundations for dams and other heavy engineering structures by A Clive Houlsby, Grouting Engineer (retired).	*****	http://www.users.bigpond.com/houlsby/
Slope/W Student edition - free slope stability analysis software.	?	http://www.geo-slope.com/downloads/ student.asp
Curvefit v2.11-A - Fits your data to one of 25 formulas and show you the best fit. Free.	?	http://www.engineers.com/software/cfit.zip
Winfit - non linear least squares fitting program for windows 3.x. Requires VBRUN100.DLL in the /windows directory.	?	ftp://ftp.mecheng.asme.org/pub/ WIN_ENG/WINFIT10.ZIP
COMPACT is a suite of computer-aided learning programs covering 11 topics on concrete technology and the design of concrete structures to EC2, where appropriate. Several of the modules, particularly on reinforced concrete design, will also appeal to engineers wishing to familiarise themselves with EC2. Free download.	*****	http://www.compact.org.uk/software/
Structural Analysis FEM Software - free Java Software that be tested online. Some can be downloaded to run on your computer. 3D FEM Package, 2D FEM Package, Beam Analyser, Torsion Analyser, Truss Analyser, Vibrations Plotter, Graph Plotter.	***	http://engineering.ipfox.com/ OR http://members.dencity.com/thefemsite/ index.html
MARC/Designer - A completely free, fully functional finite element analysis software courtesy MARC Analysis and Research Corp limited to 500 nodes. Can be used for Linear static stress, buckling analysis, steady state heat transfer and modal analysis. It has an excellent tutorial. @5MB	?	http://www.fest.tuwien.ac.at/EducationStudents/ Instituts-EDV/OnlineManuals/FEM/MARC/Designer /Download/contents.html
Graphmatica - is a powerful, easy-to-use, equation plotter with numerical and calculus features. Graph Cartesian functions, relations, and inequalities, plus polar, parametric, and ordinary differential equations.	?	http://www8.pair.com/ksoft/
BeamBoy Beam Analysis Tool is a utility for calculating engineering stress and deflection in structural beams and shafts. BeamBoy is freeware.	****	http://www.geocities.com/richgetze/
Solution of 2-Dimensional Trusses and 3-Dimensional Trusses - Two QBasic programs. Tensile & compressive forces and reactions are output. The global stiffness matrix is displayed in these programs. Also a Wireframe Modelling program with source code. Free.	?	http://www.angelfire.com/hi/teehornghean/
WStrudl's WinBeam - is a free, continuous beam analysis program. It is in the WStrudl DEMO but is independent to WinSTRUDL. Download and install the WStrudl demo, run the WMaster.exe and click on the Beam icon.	****	http://www.civilstructure.com/products/ DownLoad/evaluate.htm
Truss Master Analysis Program - Single form interface, input generators, deflection animation, pan & zoom functions. Free, postware.	***	http://www.clubi.ie/ccaprani/ trussmaster.htm
Beamax is an application for graphically creating, editing and analysing continuous beams. The program supports an Automation interface which allows to run the analysis in other applications like Microsoft Excel or Visual Basic - Free.	**	http://www.aisto.com/roeder/cae/
Femax is a component system that provides functionality for structural analysis using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The system defines interfaces for nodes, degrees of freedom (DOF), matrices, vectors, models and elements. The Component Object Model (COM) is used for object linking. All components support an Automation interface for integration using the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) environment.	?	http://www.aisto.com/roeder/cae/
CALSD "Educational Structural Engineering Program" has been developed at the University of California, San Diego, to support teaching and learning of structural engineering concepts and techniques. CALSD provides functionality for three-dimensional linear elastic static and dynamic analysis. The system has been enhanced with a Windows 95/98/NT user interface. Free	?	http://www.aisto.com/roeder/calsd/
Rebar  - Freeware bars calculator from Alashki Engineering Solutions.	**	http://www.alashki.com/freeware.htm
DDA for Windows - a free Windows program to perform discontinuous deformation analysis. Manual is available online.	****	http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/Programs/ Geotech/DDA/
ALP99 - Axially loaded pile, elastic pile supported by elasto-plastic springs. LLP99 - Laterally loaded pile, beam on elasto-plastic springs. SOILMECH -  A summary of the basic principles of soil mechanics. SPW2001 - Sheet pile wall analysis, beam on elasto-plastic springs, student edition (maximum 4 layers). STB2001 - Slope stability by Bishop's method, student edition (maximum 3 soil polygons). Winkler - Beam on elastic foundation. Free programs from the Geotechnical Laboratory of Delft University.	****	http://geo000.citg.tudelft.nl/software /software_e.htm
QSection - free Windows program for computing the section properties of arbitrary sections.	***	http://www.mecheng.asme.org/ database/DESIGN/MASTER.HTML
ELPLA Limit Edition (ELastic PLAte) - Analysis and design of slab foundations. The reinforcement of slab can be carried out by one of the following design codes: ACI, EC 2, DIN 1045 and ECP. The ELPLA limit edition allows users to easily create projects for analysis and design slab floor or raft foundation. It includes all functions of the ELPLA standard edition except that the node number is limited to 200 nodes.	****	http://www.elpla.com/
Portal Frame Analysis for MS Windows v3.x/95/98 - Portal Frame Analysis to BS449, works out moments, reactions, stresses and the approximate section sizes required for a given span of a steel portal frame.	?	http://www.dukeuk.freeserve.co.uk/ files-x.htm
Frame - Free software for static and dynamic structural analysis of 2D and 3D linear elastic frames and trusses. Computes the static deflections, reactions, internal element forces, natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal participation factors of two-and three- dimensional elastic structures using direct stiffness and mass assembly. From Duke University North Carolina.	?	http://www.duke.edu/~hpgavin/frame/
Cbeam 2002 is a continuous beam software package that allows the user to solve statically indeterminate beam structures. Defining multiple span elements of varying elasticity's with uniform, distributed and concentrated loading applications along with a variety of support conditions is easily at the hands of the user.   Note. Although the package is described as a demo I can't see any limitations on it's use. Also there appears to be no requirements to register.	*****	http://www.seaoc.org/Pages/software.html
FREE CAD SOFTWARE
IntelliCAD 2000 by CADopia (base product) is a full 2D CAD program and is available for free. IntelliCAD's native file format is .DWG. It allows you to open any existing Autodesk AutoCAD file (V2.5 through 2000) and there is no file conversion or data loss.	*****	http://www.cadopia.com/register.asp OR http://www.intellicadms.com/
Volo View Express by Autodesk Free application that lets you display and print AutoCAD® drawings without AutoCAD software. You can exchange information with everyone involved in your project or on your design team, independent of a CAD program.	*****	http://www.autodesk.com/voloviewexpress
TurboCAD® v 4 Learning Edition, is a comprehensive, fully functional 2D CAD software product. It is the ideal vehicle for new users to learn how to use and discover the concepts behind CAD software. In addition it is a viable product for producing professional 2D CAD drawings. Free software.	*****	http://nct.digitalriver.com/fulfill/0002.16/tc/
CADVANCE 6.5 for Windows - This is a re-release of CADVANCE Version 6.5, a CAD software system designed for Windows 3.1, but yet also runs on Windows 95/98 and NT. Originally released in 1995 at a suggested retail price of $1950, it is now available to anyone free of charge for the software.  This is not a demo, but a full working version.	?	http://www.cadvance.com/65form.htm
QCad is a free open-source 2D CAD system for Linux, various Unices and Windows. The developers main goals are to build a stable, fast and easy to use CAD for everyone. One doesn't need any knowledge of a CAD program to start working with QCad.	****	http://www.qcad.org/index.php3
CadStd Lite Free 2-D CAD program.	***	http://www.cadstd.com/
MINOS v. 2.1 Minos is a free, full 3D Solid CAD System.	?	http://perso.wanadoo.fr/rleboite/minos.htm
SoftCAD.3D® Lite Version 1.16 for FREE! Practical-use software for easy creation of three- dimensional models.	?	http://www.softcad.com/index.html
Solid Edge Origin is a FREE, limited-function version of our complete Solid Edge software. It includes 3D modeling of basic parts, a complete 2D drafting system, import and export of 2D CAD data and tutorials.	?	http://www.solid-edge.co.uk/home1.htm
DesignWorkshop Lite - creates 3D models, walk-throughs and renderings, from sketch to presentation, for home design and visualization of architecture, landscapes, exhibits, or any spatial design projects. Free 3D Software	?	http://www.artifice.com/free/dw_lite.html
VARKON - a free CAD system and  high level development tool for Engineering, Computer Aided Design and Product Modeling applications.	?	http://www.microform.se/index.htm#VAR
Thinking 2D - free 2D CAD program.	***	http://www.thinking2d.cjb.net/
WHIP!® Viewer from Autodesk allows you to quickly and easily distribute design files over a network without AutoCAD® software. It boosts collaboration and information exchange among project members, and it’s available for download free of charge.	*****	http://www3.autodesk.com/adsk/section/ 0,,163301,00.html
Drawing QuickViewer provides integrated "quick viewing" of AutoCAD drawing files from the Windows File Explorer. Freeware.	?	http://www.mv.com/ipusers/crews/ quickview.htm
DWG Viewer 3.0 - Free DWG/DXF/DWF Viewer.	?	http://www.infograph.com/products/dwgviewer/
Power Tools for AutoCAD offers you basic freeware tools for AutoCAD 2000, organized in a clear menu.	****	http://www.winsite.com/bin/ Info?500000009183
DESI-III is a powerful and user friendly 2D CAD system with a lot of professional features: associative hatching, dimensioning, associative text attributes to lines and symbols, multiple (up to hundreds) lines or line chains and curves. Automatic interruption of lines on user definable boundaries of symbols AND repairing if the symbols is moved or deleted. Adaptive and powerfull line pattern definitions, macro's etc. etc. Freeware.	?	http://users.pandora.be/desi-iii/

اللهم عجل اللیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

 

	Dr. Evert Hoek's Practical Rock Engineering (2007 ed.) is a vital reference tool for engineers working in rock. Download the course notes in their entirety from the PDF link below or just the chapters in your area of interest. PDF - Practical Rock Engineering (New 2007 edition, complete, 24 MB)   Preface       chapter title size updated 1. Development of Rock Engineering 1506KB 12/06 2. When is a Rock Engineering Design Acceptable 802KB 12/06 3. Rock Mass Classification 403KB 03/08 4. Shear Strength of Discontinuities 237KB 03/08 5. Structurally Controlled Instability in Tunnels 812KB 12/06 6. The Rio Grande Project - Argentina 866KB 12/06 7. A Slope Stability Problem in Hong Kong 1387KB 12/06 8. Factor or Safety and Probability of Failure 389KB 12/06 9. Analysis of Rockfall Hazards 2298KB 12/06 10. In Situ and Induced Stresses 2122KB 12/06 11. Rock Mass Properties 8957KB 12/06 12. Tunnels in Weak Rock 5009KB 12/06 13. Design of Large Underground Caverns 3346KB 12/06 14. Rockbolts and Cables 1548KB 12/06 15. Model to Demonstrate How Rock Bolts Work 2280KB 12/06 16. Shotcrete Support 2356KB 12/06 17. Blasting Damage in Rock 1355KB 12/06

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Elasto-Plastic and Damage Analysis of Plates and Shells

Publisher: Springer
Language: English
ISBN: 354079350X
Paperback: 208 pages
Data: Sep 2008
Format: PDF
Description: This book presents a finite element model for the elasto-plastic and damage analysis of thin and thick shells. Linear elastic, inelastic and softening behaviors caused by damage in structural shells, as well as large rotations are investigated. The textbook is addressed to graduate students and researchers in civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering as well material scientists and applied mechanicians.

The formulation presented here was developed primarily for large scale structural analyses. Special emphasis is therefore placed in computational efficiency. Despite ever increasing capabilities of nowadays computers, small scale constitutive models are hardly ever applicable to analysis of large structures. This book provides a constitutive model which allows for accurate representation of the non-linear shell behavior up to failure, while offering high efficiency and applicability to large scale structural analyses. This is achieved by representing the elasto-plastic behavior by means of the non-layered approach, with an updated Lagrangian method used to describe the geometric non-linearities. For the treatment of material non-linearities an Iliushin’s yield function expressed in terms of stress resultants is adopted, with isotropic and kinematic hardening rules. Damage effects modeled through the evolution of porosity are incorporated into the yield function, giving a generalized and convenient yield surface expressed in terms of the stress resultants.

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Filters and Filtration Handbook, Fifth Edition

Publisher: Elsevier Science
Language: English
ISBN: 1856174646
Paperback: 520 pages
Data: Jun 2008
Format: PDF
Description: Filters are used in many industries, especially the water,sewage,oil, gas, food and beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. This new edition of a well-established title retains the aim of being a practical account of filtration equipment and its applications. The previous edition is badly out of date, and Ken Sutherland has completely revised and re-written it, changing emphasis and content wherever necessary. It remains an essential book for the engineer working in a plant situation, who requires guidance and information on what is available and whether it is suitable for the job in hand.

*Practical guide to products and their applications
*Wide industrial market
*The plant engineer’s source-book

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اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

National Geographic Magazine

August 2008

pdf | 22 MB | 150 pages

مجله‌ی «جغرافیای ملی» نشریه‌ی‌ رسمی انجمن جغرافیای ملی است که از سال ۱۸۸۸ میلادی و دقیقاً ۹ ماه پس از آغاز فعالیت انجمن جغرافیای ملی، شروع به انتشار کرد و امروزه یکی از مشهورترین و پراعتبارترین مجلات مرتبط با علوم طبیعی در جهان است. مجله‌ی جغرافیای ملی شامل مطالب مرتبط با علوم جغرافیا، باستان‌شناسی، و تاریخ و فرهنگ در نقاط مختلف جهان است. عکس‌های این مجله بسیار مشهور هستند. مجله‌ی جغرافیای ملی هم‌اکنون به ۳۱ زبان در کشورهای سرتاسر دنیا منتشر می‌شود. علامت شناسایی مجله جغرافیای ملی، حاشیه‌ی زرد رنگی است که دور تا دور روی جلد مجله است و همین آن را از دیگر مجلات متمایز می‌کند. اما این شماره‌ی مجله‌ی جغرافیای ملی به روح ایران باستان اختصاص دارد.

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بسم الله الّرحمن الّرحیم

اللهم عجل الولیک الفرج ...انشاءالله...

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SHELLS

The principal purposes for preliminary design of any structure is: (1) To obtain quantities of materials for making estimates of cost. (2) Obtain a clear picture of the structural action, (3) Establish the dimensions of the structure, and, (4) Use the preliminary design as a check on the final design.

It is not expected that these preliminary design calculations be precise, but rather they should be within an accepted tolerance. The worst way to start a design is to immediately set up a finite element analysis. Any new type of structure requires an extended lead time to obtain a thorough understanding of the structural action.

The discussion of preliminary analysis here, has been restricted to principals rather than to presentation of calculations. Given these principals, the engineer should be able to set up his own calculations. Do not try to design shells without a thorough study of the relevant sections of the current American Concrete Association regulations. There are differences from the normal structures.

Thickness of shells

The thickness of the slab elements are normally governed by the number of layers of reinforcing bars. For shells of double curvature, there are usually only two layers so the minimum thickness could be:

Two 3/8 in. bars, two 1/2 in. of cover equals 1.75 inches.

However a little tolerance should be added. For a barrel shell or a folded plate:

Two 1/2 in. bars, one 3/4 in. bar, two 1/2 in. of cover equals 2.75 in.

Of course, the concrete stresses should be checked, but they seldom control. Do not think that a shell will be stronger if it is thicker than required.

For a description of the structural elements of the shells discussed here, the reader should first study the presentations in Mark Ketchum's Types and Forms of Shell Structures

---

Preliminary Design for Types of Shells

Barrel Shells
Folded Plates
Umbrella Shells
Four Gabled Hypars
Domes of Revolution
Translation Shells

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BARREL SHELLS

First find the longitudinal and shear (diagonal tension) reinforcing required for a typical interior element of the structure.

1. A barrel shells acts as a beam in the long direction and as an arch in the curved area. The arch is supported by internal shears. Approximate values for the bending moments in the arch are summarized in the following sketch.

2. The area of reinforcing is obtained by estimating the effective depth of the beam element, from the center of reinforcing to the center of compression. The force in the reinforcing is equal to the bending moment divided by the effective depth. It may require several approximations to get a fair value. The area of reinforcing is, of course, the force divided by the allowable stress.

 

3. The tension in the diagonal direction is determined first by equating the longitudinal force to the shear forces.

4. The sum of the shearing forces equals the longitudinal forces. Let S equal the unit shear at the end of the beam. Then: S times the width of the shell times the length divided by 4 equals the longitudinal force.

If there are no other forces on an element at the neutral axis of the beam, then the diagonal tension equals the shear. From this information, a pattern of diagonal tension bars can be constructed.

5. The horizontal reaction of the arch elements of the shell must be contained by an rigid frame and a horizontal tie. Assume that this is simply a wide arch equal to half of the span. An approximation for the horizontal force would be equal to the load per foot on this arch times the arch span, squared divided by 8 and the rise. The thrust in the arch can be determined from this and the vertical reaction.

6. The edge spans of the shell should be supported by intermediate columns. The stiffness of a barrel shell at the outside edges is simply not stiff or strong enough to carry the required loads. The shell reinforcing at the edge members acts more like a typical arch and should be reinforced with two layers of bars.

Return to start of program

Return to types of shells

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FOLDED PLATES

The design of folded plate roof structures follows the design of barrel shells, but is much simpler because the elements are all essentially beams.

1. Support the folded plate at its longitudinal edges by frequent columns as was suggested for barrel shells.

2. Analyse and design the slab element as a continuous beam on fixed supports, including the first spans, normally a simple support. If it is haunched, then as a continuous haunched beam.

3. Design a typical longitudinal interior element as a beam by the usual methods.

4. Support the ends of the folded plates by rigid frames. In this case the frames are loaded by the shear forces from the slab element and are in the plane of the frame members.

Return to start of program
Return to types of shells

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UMBRELLA SHELLS

Following is a sketch of a typical inverted umbrella hypar. The principal elements are:

• The shell element with stresses predicted by the membrane equation.
  
• The interior rib created by the intersection of the shell elements.
  
• The exterior rib supporting the shell, particularly in the exterior corners
  
• The cental column and the connection to the shell.

  The membrane equation for a hypar gives the direct stresses in the shell:

  Shear = Tension = wab/2f,
  where w = unit load, a and b = the dimensions of the individual panel, and f is the vertical height of the panel.

  These loads are transfered directly to the supporting ribs through shear, and are used to design the ribs. The internal ribs are in compression and the external ribs are in tension. In both cases, the direct stress varies from zero at the edges to maximum at the center.

  If the external ribs are placed above the shell then the edge member will be prestressed in positive moment and the edge of the shell will tend to deflect upward which is most desirable. It is also desirable to design this member for the additional weight of the edge member. The deflection at the end of the rib is critical.

  The central column should be designed for some unbalanced load. The connection to the shell defies analysis, but tests by the Portland Cement Association have proved the strength of these types of joints. Be sure to include adequate reinforcing for any contingency.

  Return to start of program
  Return to types of shells

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  FOUR GABLED HYPARS

  The design of this structure follows, with exceptions, the design of the umbrella hypar. Please refer to the previous example. The sketch shows the essential elements:

  
  The shell acts as an arch in one direction and as a catenary in the other. The membrane theory would predict that the stresses would be the same but of different sign. Studies by the finite element method have demonstrated that if the abutments are fixed, the compression stresses are greater, but if the abutments move because of, for example, a steel tie stretching, then the catenary stresses are larger. Which brings us to the conclusion that for the first case it would be advisable to increase the thickness of the shell near the supports to take the load off the rib elements.

  The top ridge member is in compression and may require additional area above that of the shell. This is a long compression member and is free to deflect downward with the possibility of ultimate buckling, (Which has happened.) It is, therefore, advisable to camber this member upward to offset this tendency.

  The slanting side ribs are also in compression and to some extent in bending, and sould be designed for some of the weight of the rib, say one quarter for a start.

  Return to start of program
  Return to types of shells

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  DOMES OF REVOLUTION

  
  The rules described are suitable for domes of revolution of any configuration or variable thickness, not just cylindrical domes. The steps are as follows:
  
  
   
  • Determine the total weight, P, above a series of horizontal sections
    
  • The total vertical stress,V, at any section will be equal to the vertical force, P.
    
  • The radial force at any section can be obtained for the freebody diagram for an element as shown in the sketch. The symbol, Z, is perpendicular to the element. For a cylindrical dome the radial force can be obtained form the equation:
    (T(vertical) + T(horizontal))/R = Z
    
     
  • If the shell is not vertical, or nearly vertical, at the base, then a ring beam will be required. The force in the ring beam is obtained from the horizontal component, H, of the force at the base as shown in the sketch, and the cylinder formula: P = HR, where R is the horizontal radius of the shell.
    
  • There will be some bending moment at the junction of the shell and the ring beam, so it is usual to gradually increase the thickness at this point and add moment reinforcing.

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  Return to types of shells

  ---

  TRANSLATION SHELLS

  The translation shell is simply a square dome as shown by the sketch. The shape is generated by a curve moving along another curve. If the curves are circles, then every vertical section is the same. The dome is usually supported by arches. There are three principal design areas:
  

  
  
   
  • The central dome area which is designed like a spherical dome.

  • The corners where there is considerable tension from the ring beam affect.

  • The arches which take their share of the total load. They are loaded in shear including the weight of the arches themselves.

    Return to start of program
    Return to types of shells

  • منبع :http://ketchum.org/

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در بسیاری از مناطق همچون نواحی ساحلی و یا مناطقی که دارای خاکهای رسی یا روان می باشند٬ خاک مناسب عملیات ساختمانی نمی باشد به همین دلیل نیاز است تا خاک کارگاه اصلاح گردد.روشهای اصلاح متعدد می باشد که به چند روش در زیر اشاره می گردد.

۱-روش جانشینی: در  این روش خاک کارگاه برداشته شده و ازمنطقه دیگری که خاک مناسبی دارد جایگزین آن می گردد.

۲-روش پیش بارگذاری یا تحکیم: در این روش استفاده از سربار یا خاک مناطق دیگر بر روی خاک کارگاه می باشد تا در اثر وزن خاک جدید زمین نشست کرده و قابل استفاده گردد اما این روش بسیار زمان بر و پر هزینه می باشد

۳-روش زهکشی عمودی:در این روش برای سرعت بخشیدن به روش دوم از زهکشی عمودی استفاده می شود تا آب سریعتر خارج گردد

۴-روش متراکم سازی: استفاده از غلطکها و ویبراتورهای قدرتمند میله ای که در خاک فرو می رود و یا استفاده از چکشها

۵-تزریق دوغاب: که می تواند شامل تزریق دوغاب سیمان یا دوغابهای شیمیایی باشد

۶-روش ترکیبی: در این روش خاک موجود با سیمان٬آهک و یا آسفالت مخلوط می گردد.

۷-روش مسلح کردن: در این روش از انواع پوسته ها یا شبکه های مش برای تقویت خاک استفاده می شود

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